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Neo-Expressionism
Neo-expressionism is a style of modern painting and sculpture emerged in the 1970s. It first arrived in Germany where there was great controversy when George Baselitz opened an exhibition in West Berlin in 1963. Neo-expressionism architecture is based upon architects expressing their own interpretation of form design and meaning. In neo-expresionism architecture is not based upon symbolism or gained knowledge; instead, meaning is conveyed on a non-intellectual or emotional level and directly through the form. The concept of architecture is seen as a piece of sculpture that is based on continuity of form and avoiding rectangles and right angles.
Constructivism
Constructivism is an artistic and architectural philosophy originated in Russia 1919. It was a rejection of the idea of autonomous art. Constructivism Architecture combined advanced technology and engineering with a communist social purpose. It applied a 3dimensional cubist vision to wholly abstract non-objective 'constructions' with kinetic elements. The first most famous work was done in 1919 which was a proposal for the headquarters of Comintern in St Petersburg by the Futurist Vladmir Tatlin, often called Tatlin's Tower. Though unbuilt, its materials, glass and steel and futuristic ethos and political
slant set the tone for the projects of 1920s.
Globalisation
Giddens defined globalization as the worldwide social relations that link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa (Oncu and Weyland, 1997). In that sequence, globalization is considered a discourse of knowledge that elevates awareness of the links between various scales of life. The Encyclopedia Britannica defines globalization as the process by which the experience of everyday life is becoming standardized around the world (Adam, 2008).
The tension between anti-global and pro-global forces has long existed, with two opposing forces affecting architectural globalization. One force seeks to safeguard and promulgate established architectural traditions, forms, decorative motifs, and technologies. It advocates historical continuity, cultural diversity, and preservation of identity, all symbolized by a particular architectural vocabulary. The other force promotes invention and dissemination of new forms using new technologies and materials in response to changing functional needs and sensibilities.
Post-modern classicism
'post-modern'
-A response to the perceived blandness, hostility, and Utopianism of the Modern movement.
-Modern Architecture focused on the pursuit of a perceived ideal perfection and pureness, and attempted harmony of form and function, and dismissal of "frivolous ornament."
-Postmodernist architecture was one of the first aesthetic movements to openly challenge Modernism as antiquated and "totalitarian", favoring personal preferences and variety over objective, ultimate truths or principles.It is this atmosphere of criticism, skepticism, and emphasis on difference over and against unity that distinguishes the postmodernism aesthetic.
Classicism
-Classicism in architecture developed during the Italian Renaissance and it places emphasis on symmetry, proportion, geometry and the regularity of parts.
-Orderly arrangements of columns, pilasters and lintels, as well as the use of semicircular arches, hemispherical domes, niches and aedicules replaced the more complex proportional systems and irregular profiles of medieval buildings.
Critical regionalism
Critical Regionalism is not harmonic to 'vernacular architecture' where architecture is based on localised needs and construction materials reflecting local traditions. CR does not evolve over time to reflect the environmental, cultural, technological and historical context in which it exists. CR strives to counter placelessness and lack of identity in Modern Architecture by using the building's geographical context. The works in the CR movement are experimental, innovative in respect to art, culture and politics.
Patterns of Ornament
In architecture, ornament is a decoration used to embellish parts of a building. Most ornament does not include human figures but if present they are small compared to the overall scale. Architectural ornament can be carved from stone, wood or precious metals, formed with plaster or clay, or painted or impressed onto a surface as applied ornament; in other applied arts the main material of the object, or a different one such as paint or vitreous enamel may be used. Such ornaments are largely sculpted on ceilings and on the exterior architectural structures.
Bureaucratic neo-international style
'bureaucratic' [byoor-uh-krat-ik] adjective
-of, pertaining to, or characteristic of a bureaucrat or a bureaucracy;
-arbitrary and routine.
'bu·reauc·ra·cy' [byoo-rok-ruh-see] noun, plural bu·reauc·ra·cies.
-government by many bureaus, administrators, and petty officials.
-the body of officials and administrators, especially of a government or government department.
-excessive multiplication of, and concentration of power in, administrative bureaus or administrators.
-administration characterized by excessive red tape and routine.
'neo-'
-a combining form meaning “new,” “recent,” “revived,” “modified,” used in the formation of compound words: neo-Darwinism; Neolithic; neoorthodoxy; neophyte.
The International style is a major architectural style that emerged in the 1920s and 1930s which is the formative decades of Modern architecture. The term originated from the name of a book by Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson, 'The International Style'. The authors aim was to encapsulate the modern architecture and identified three principles: the expression of volume rather than mass, the emphasis on balance rather than preconceived symmetry, and the expulsion of applied ornament. All the works in the exhibition strictly followed these rules.
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